Dangerous Critters To Avoid?

[Kiridashi]

Hi Guys,

I'm an American that has spent his entire life living a thousand miles from the sea and about 7 months ago I moved to Cebu. So I have almost no experience with marine life and I am wondering if anyone has a site/thread, or any recommendations of species I should avoid.

I've been trying to do some research in my freetime but I'm not having much luck identifying dangerous critters in this area. I've read some jellyfish do minor stings, some can kill....now each time I come across a jellyfish I feel like someone is waving a gun in my face and I don't know if it is loaded or not.

I checked out that link to poppe-images.com for Philippines marine life and I saw there was a "dangerous" category but it doesn't specify the danger. I saw a couple that said "very dangerous" but when I do a net search I can't find any info on them grr.

I know enough to avoid touching urchins, jellies, anemones, and don't tick off the sea snakes or eels... but thats about it. Are there any lil fish that tend to like to chomp off your fingers? (I don't wear rings) Any stinging creatures that can cause intense pain and/or death?


For now I am just snorkeling/freediving so I'm more concerned with shalllow water critters...but I do plan to scuba later this year.

Sorry for the ignorant question and thank you for any help you can offer.

(ps I've been trying forums searches but no luck thus far....might not be hitting on the right phrases)

[matt_reed]

Hi Kiridashi, welcome.... doesn't someone say the only stupid question...etc etc, so don't be shy!

It really depends a lot on where you are snorkelling...there isnt really much in the water, floating around, that will GET you. The Jellies here are not really dangerous, they sting and it can hurt but unless you have a reaction the pain will fade in a few days - worst case you might have a rash for a few days.

Pretty much everything else that could hurt you is based on the bottom here, so good rule of thumb is dont touch anything.

The worst things are the kind you step on accidently like scorpion fish, demon stingers, crown of thorns starfish. So be careful where you walk.

In general it is quite hard to get killed or severely hurt here without pissing something off or not looking where you're going/what you're doing.

I'm sure there'll be plenty more folks along to add stuff so I'll stop there.

HTH

Matt.

[Karl_H]

As Matt says most of the 'dangerous' critters tend to be bottom dwellers, the main fish to look out for would be the titan Triggerfish during Nesting Season (usually July/August). They become very territorial and supposedly the territory is marked out by a cone which gets bigger as the water gets shallower. This seems slightly odd that at the depth of the the nest it is protecting the territory is the smallest but I can vouch if you go upwards they definitely follow you! Hopefully you won't encounter any at snorkeling depths but if you see one swimming on it's side I'd recommend a hasty get away as the last thing you want is a trigger fish attack from below when you're snorkeling ;)

Other than the trigger fish the main 'bite' fish have to be clown/anenomie fish and sergeant majors - those things have an evil streak in them!!! Luckily it's just a slight nip but can be a bit of a shock and occasionally can draw blood. Anyone who has been happily engaged in taking a photo of something and had a nearby clown fish take a disliking to any exposed skin will know what I'm talking about :)

[matt_reed]

Nice one Karl...Trigger fish is only a few steps down from a killer! Can't believe I forgot that :)

[Babydamulag]

Amazon.com: Reef Fish Identification - Tropical Pacific (9781878348364): Gerald Allen, Roger Steene, Paul Humann, Ned DeLoach: Books (http://www.amazon.com/Reef-Fish-Identification-Tropical-Pacific/dp/1878348361)

[CODMAN]

Yup, this book will pretty much teach you 99% of what can be dangerous. it's a great book too. Great to have...

Also dangerous... In the bars, anything sporting a miniskirt and having an adam apple....:D


Amazon.com: Reef Fish Identification - Tropical Pacific (9781878348364): Gerald Allen, Roger Steene, Paul Humann, Ned DeLoach: Books (http://www.amazon.com/Reef-Fish-Identification-Tropical-Pacific/dp/1878348361)

[Manuel Sam]

Since you also mentioned freediving and perhaps eventual scuba, you should be aware of other dangerous bottom-dwelling creatures.

On my recent trip to Malapascua and Dumaguete, I saw several cone shells cruising on the bottom. The sting of some species of cone shells can be deadly - especially Conus Geographus. Conus Textile has also been implicated in human deaths.

Cone shells, like many cowrie shells, can be very pretty, and therefore tempting to a shell collector. The scary part is that to the unknowing or to those who are fairly new to these waters, cone shells could be confused with some cowrie shells. Cowries, on the other hand and as best as I know, are harmless.

Not all cone shells are venomous, mind you, but unless you can make a positive ID, as Matt Reed suggested, it is best to just avoid touching anything altogether.

Another creature I was very fortunate to encounter during my trip was the Blue-Ring Octopus, which also packs a deadly sting or bite.

This having been my first sighting ever, I don't know enough about its behavior. I would speculate, however, that the blue rings are not flashed unless disturbed.....which is to say that until you have learned to distinguish one type of octopus from another, maybe it's best to leave them all alone. About the only clue I can give you is that Blue-Rings tend to be smallish, so if you see an octopus whose head is bigger than let's say 4 inches in diameter, chances are that it is not a Blue-Ring.

Keep in mind that for the most part, the creatures listed throughout this thread - with the titan triggerfish a possible exception, but I'm sure that there are others - do not have a nasty streak in them and will not attack unprovoked. They are mostly non-aggressive and will run or hide rather than fight.

There is an older and rather inexpensive book that I bought thru DAN (I think) many years ago, copyright 1987. Perhaps there is a later version. It is called "A Medical Guide to Hazardous Marine Life" by Paul Auerbach.

Last word of advice is to shuffle your feet if you're wading in shallow waters - maybe you'll create enough disturbance to drive the stingrays and scorpionfish away.

Good luck.

[Kiridashi]

Thanks for the welcome and info guys!

I haven't come across a Scorpionfish, or Devilfish yet but when I did a search for Triggerfish some of the images looked like fish I have seen...although I don't think I've seen a Titan Triggerfish yet...the markings look different than I remember ( I need to buy an underwater cam). The ones I've seen had brighter markings than a Titan...I think. I did run across one of those Crown Of Thorns Starfish about 2 weeks ago...either in Olango or Pandanon...I think it was Olango. It looked like it was saying "touch me...I dare you" so I kept my distance.

I was surprised to see the Clown Fish and Sergeant Majors bite. I've come across many clown fish and I tend to sit there and wiggle my fingers at them to watch them move around. I would have been a bit (no pun intended) surprised if one latched onto me. I think I've seen the Sergeant Majors....I've seen a few thousand fish that look like the images I see online, but at this point I'm not good at picking out the details to do a thorough classification. All I know is there are a lot of fish with that general color/shape around Mactan in schools...but it may be a dif species.

Again thanks for the info guys and I will try to pick up a copy of the book...it looks very informative.

As for the bar predator with an adams apple and miniskirt....lol....I thankfully know enough to avoid them.

[Kiridashi]

Thanks Manuel Sam,

I'm not familiar with a cone shell but in my ignorance I probably would have assumed it was safe to touch.

Octopi are something I have always liked the looks of and would like to see, so I need to learn more about them. I had read the blue ring octopus was dangerous but in the pictures they showed it having blue rings...I didn't think of the fact it may not always be flashing blue rings.

I do tend to shuffle my feet...and wear Aqua Socks...and try to peer through the water for urchins...so hopefully this will help. I'm not sure if the Aqua Socks will stop an urchins sting, or anything else for that matter, but thought it worth a try.

[Manuel Sam]

Kiridashi,

You are welcome.

I don't know if urchin spines will go thru Aqua Socks but I've seen urchin spines go thru 5mm wetsuits. Do the Aqua Socks have a harder sole?

Assuming I attached them correctly, here are a couple of pictures of the Blue-Ring with prominent and with less prominent rings. The one in which it shows less of the rings was nonetheless after it took us thru a marathon swim, so it was not necessarily fully at rest. I would imagine that like all other octopi, if at rest and in its full camouflage suit, the Blue-Ring would be even less conspicuous and perhaps show even less of the rings.

[OuterReefAdventure]

Kiridashi,
last year I posted a video clip of an aggressive Titan Trigger Fish you can find it here:

ScubaBoard Gallery - Killer Trigger Fish (http://www.scubaboard.com/gallery/showphoto.php/photo/141357/ppuser/96893) .

COne Shells can be learned about at this link: Killers cones (http://pagesperso-orange.fr/zonatus/Killers%20cones.htm) I believe in addition to Textile and Geographus we also have Striatus.

In my opinion the biggest cause of injuries to new snorkelers and divers are Coral Scrapes and to a less degree the Sea Urchins you already mentioned especially Diadema(long thin black spines).

I also live in Cebu down in Moalboal.

Cheers,
Roger

[shugar]

As Matt says most of the 'dangerous' critters tend to be bottom dwellers, the main fish to look out for would be the titan Triggerfish during Nesting Season (usually July/August). They become very territorial and supposedly the territory is marked out by a cone which gets bigger as the water gets shallower. This seems slightly odd that at the depth of the the nest it is protecting the territory is the smallest but I can vouch if you go upwards they definitely follow you! Hopefully you won't encounter any at snorkeling depths but if you see one swimming on it's side I'd recommend a hasty get away as the last thing you want is a trigger fish attack from below when you're snorkeling ;)

Other than the trigger fish the main 'bite' fish have to be clown/anenomie fish and sergeant majors - those things have an evil streak in them!!! Luckily it's just a slight nip but can be a bit of a shock and occasionally can draw blood. Anyone who has been happily engaged in taking a photo of something and had a nearby clown fish take a disliking to any exposed skin will know what I'm talking about :)
been there, done that... nasty clown hahahahaha

Jag

[boljakool]

if the critter is very colorful, do not touch... poisonous!
if the critter is well camouflaged, do not touch... poisonous!
if the critter is very beautiful, do not touch... dangerous!
if the critter is very ugly, do not touch... have potent stingers!
if the critter is not moving, do not touch... they bite!
if the critter is moving very fast... you can not touch because they move faster than you.

i don't mean to scare you. but basically, one of the first lessons you'll learn from scuba diving is to be careful about touching anything underwater. yes, even those cutesie little 'nemo' would bite if you go near their territory. there are some techniques that you can learn to interact with most marine life. don't be shy to ask your questions, i'm sure these guys are very much willing to be of help to answer them.

[jlovold]

Clownfish are EVIL!

Thanks to Matt, I had an encounter with a really nasty one!

Well, the poisonous sea-life I could PID in the Philippines on my trip there was:

Blue-ringed octopus, lionfish, scorpionfish, box-jellyfish .

[Karl_H]

Well, the poisonous sea-life I could PID in the Philippines on my trip there was:

Blue-ringed octopus, lionfish, scorpionfish, box-jellyfish .

Box jellyfish in the Philippines?!!! Yikes! I didn't realize they were this far up! :shocked2:

[CODMAN]

Just don't touch or go near enough to touch anything. That will save you from 99% of what can be dangerous. And it's the most respectfull way of seing marine life. Appart from a few very aggressive species (Titan triggerfish is one of them), nothing will "Go after you"...

Now if you prod and probe them (or strobe them)... you will get what is coming to you...:popcorn:

It can really be that simple and you won't need to stress about danger all the time.

Just my 0.02$:coffee:

[jbb]

hmmmm, sea nettles. Well not dangerous, kill you but uncomforable and avoidable. I just steadied myself with my finger on a piece of dead coral to take a photo and ouch it got me. Stung a little and died down but it was still working with blisters rising up filling with liquid. I got some benedril ointment on it but it took several days for the blisters to go away and more to heal.

Stick to the shuffle dance step when walking thru shallow water you can't swim in. For night dives I recommend staying face down in the water until you are on your knees because that last bit can have some of the most remarkable critters to see. I've seen wonderful sea hares, eels and nudibranchs in inches of water.

[broadreach]

Add to your list:
Hydroids (look like ferns) not deadly but very painful

Mantis shrimp - will usually run back to their burrow, but can cause serious harm if cornered

bluering octupus are quite rare and will most likely run as way as soon as they see you coming. If you spot one, consider yourself lucky.

[Zippsy]

I'd rather step on a stone fish to be able to reach into the mouth of a reef shark to pull out a blue ring octopus with my bare hands that to be in the close vicinity of a titan trigger fish when they want to be aggressive (which is often around these parts). Nothing scares me underwater except monofilament nets, bad divers and titans.

[Web Monkey]

Hi Guys,

I'm an American that has spent his entire life living a thousand miles from the sea and about 7 months ago I moved to Cebu. So I have almost no experience with marine life and I am wondering if anyone has a site/thread, or any recommendations of species I should avoid.

I know this sounds a little too "Politically Correct", but it's easy: "Don't touch or annoy anything."

Everything you see underwater that hasn't been eaten by something else has a way to protect itself. This generally involves hiding, running or being dangerous.

If you see it, it's probably not hiding; if you can get close enough to touch it, it's not running, which only leaves "dangerous".

Terry

[jonix]

if the critter is very colorful, do not touch... poisonous!
if the critter is well camouflaged, do not touch... poisonous!
if the critter is very beautiful, do not touch... dangerous!
if the critter is very ugly, do not touch... have potent stingers!
if the critter is not moving, do not touch... they bite!
if the critter is moving very fast... you can not touch because they move faster than you.



you forgot one thing...if it has a weird colored wetsuit...run for your life! :rofl3:

[bygolly]

Add to your list:
Hydroids (look like ferns) not deadly but very painful

Mantis shrimp - will usually run back to their burrow, but can cause serious harm if cornered

bluering octupus are quite rare and will most likely run as way as soon as they see you coming. If you spot one, consider yourself lucky.


Just saw my first mantis shrimp while diving Lady Elliot Island on the GBR. I had heard stories that they are wildly powerful and can break the glass of aquariums or the lenses or domes of underwater cameras when cornered. Whilst snooping around to find out more about them I came across this:

Sheila Patek clocks the fastest animals | Video on TED.com (http://www.ted.com/talks/sheila_patek_clocks_the_fastest_animals.html)

Very interesting stuff

[JudyG]

There are many venomous critters in the sea, with a few of them being lethal. Titan Triggers may not be lethal, but they are rabid, insane fish when they are nesting. When not nesting, you can approach them quite closely to photograph them - they are a beautiful creature.

Here is a story from an Indonesia group trip report put together a couple of years ago - the diver who was bitten was my husband Dave. On the same site (on a different dive), I too was targeted by more than one of these fish, and it was scary. They swim very, very quickly when they are in attack mode, and there is not much defense you can offer up to a large charging fish like this one. I put my camera out on front of me when under attack - the big dome port seemed to deter the fish slightly.

Awoosh Indonesia (http://www.awoosh.com/Indonesia2008/Awoosh_Indo2008_MaryStory.html)

J.

[pughio83]

Agree with the things said, assume everything will bite or sting in the sea to be safe. I have been nailed by a titan triggerfish 3 times, one in which physically made me leave the water when snorkelling and watched me in the shallows until i had left then on re entry it came flying back - they are insane in nesting season!! When muck diving, and taking photo's, if u kneel down just fan the sand a bit, as stonefish, demon stingers etc.. are hard to see. I have friends in boracay who know people stung by scorpionfish and its not very nice at all!! Also i heard about one guy who was snorkelling and 'something' released a toxin cloud in the water and caused severe skin reactions and now his leg is completely scarred (have seen the leg) - no idea what creature did that!!!

Box jellies which i believe can be found in philippines are fairly uncommon unless you get far south. Blue ringed octopuses are deadly but unless you touch one you are unlikely to get bitten. I think also the pfeiffers flambouyant cuttlefish actually can bite and contains the same tetrodatoxin as the blue ringed octopus!!

take care with any octopus, titan tirgger, scorpionfish, lionfish (which can be aggressive if too close), demon stingers, stonefish,hydroids, fire corals, mantis shrimps, urchins, cone shells (textile!), striped catfish, some hairy sea slugs, sea snakes (though generally not aggressive), stingrays (see steve irwin), jellies, waspfish etc....

[vladimir]

Here's another good reference: Dangerous Marine Creatures (http://www.amazon.com/Dangerous-Marine-Creatures-Diversification-Edmonds/dp/094133239X), by Dr. Carl Edmonds.

[Hammerhead]

Watch out for the flamboyant vampire pygmy seahorse. They're evil wee buggers.

[DevonDiver]

Here's some of the critters I encountered...

Banded Sea Krait.
Extremely venomous, but unlikely to bite unless agitated.
http://62.0.5.134/sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs003.snc1/4400_83807188538_704398538_1736121_2394019_n.jpg

Striped Catfish
Highly Venomous - Do not touch
http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs153.snc1/5692_109835798538_704398538_2139792_1602298_n.jpg

Blue-Spotted Fantail Ray
Hides under the sand. Barbedn the Tail
http://62.0.5.134/sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs107.snc1/4610_90834058538_704398538_1834927_6525446_n.jpg

Lionfish (various species)
Toxin in the dorsal spines.
http://62.0.5.136/sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/photos-ak-snc1/v2234/218/23/704398538/n704398538_1303805_2281.jpg

Indian Walkman
Highly toxic Spines. Very difficult to spot when camoflaged. Extends 'painted' wings as a warning.
http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs171.snc1/6413_99738168538_704398538_1977048_1297251_n.jpg

Scorpionfish
Poisonous spines on the back. Well camoflaged.
http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/photos-ak-snc1/v2689/218/23/704398538/n704398538_1602000_1920089.jpg

Stonefish
Highly toxic venom in dorsal spines. Very hard to spot. Hides on rock or in sand.
http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/photos-ak-sf2p/v355/218/23/704398538/n704398538_913015_8672.jpg

[shugar]

@andy: dude... striped catfish? seriously??? i never knew that... and to think they're kinda nice to follow around when they're feeding en masse...

Jag

[DevonDiver]

Oh yes! It surprised me too!!! I see these little guys regularly here in the Philippines...and never gave them a second thought. I did some research to name them for my blog, and only then discovered that they were highly venomous...

Plotosus lineatus (Striped Cat-Fish Eel) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotosus)

All species have been confirmed to be venomous (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom) except for P. fisadoha. The anterior spines of the dorsal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin) and pectoral fins (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_fin) can inflict painful wounds. In P. lineatus, the highly venomous serrate spine of the first dorsal and each of the pectoral fins may even be fatal. The spines of the serrated dorsal fin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin), which can lock into an erect position, are covered in toxic mucus that can poison humans

"The oriental catfish (Plotosus lineatus) possesses one of the most potent known marine toxins, and it is potentially lethal." Pusan National University


http://62.0.5.134/thumb15.shutterstock.com.edgesuite.net/display_pic_with_logo/500593/500593,1257338370,21/stock-photo-this-shoal-of-juvenile-striped-catfish-plotosus-lineatus-were-feeding-off-the-sandy-bottom-in-40283362.jpg

Articles:

Oriental Catfish (Plotosus lineatus) Spine Envenomation: A case report (http://www.koreamed.org/SearchBasic.php?RID=0082JKSEM/2002.13.3.359&DT=1). (http://www.koreamed.org/SearchBasic.php?RID=0082JKSEM/2002.13.3.359&DT=1) Jeong JW, Yeom SR, Cho SJ, Kim EK. Department of Emergency Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan, Korea. advanced@lifesupport.pe.kr

Indian catfish (Plotosus canius, Hamilton) venom. Occurrence of lethal protein toxin (toxin-PC). (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8726060) Auddy B (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Auddy%20B%22%5BAuthor%5D), Gomes A (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Gomes%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D) Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, Calcutta, India PMID: 8726060 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]A lethal protein toxin (toxin-PC) from the Indian catfish (Plotosus canius, Hamilton) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8581321)venom. Auddy B (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Auddy%20B%22%5BAuthor%5D), Muhuri DC (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Muhuri%20DC%22%5BAuthor%5D), Alam MI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Alam%20MI%22%5BAuthor%5D), Gomes A (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Gomes%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D).Departmen t of Physiology, University of Calcutta, India.

[ti325v]

All good info, Just want to add my two cents.....Having been nibbled by clown fish, chased by trigger fish, which I admit is a little scary....when they say the stinging creatures hurt they are not kidding.
I have been envenomed by both lion fish and scorpion fish and crown of thorns, The lion got me good with about nine spines in my right hand. I was okay for about twenty minutes then the pain began. I have suffered both severe second ( Hurt a lot) degree burns and moderate third degree burns, not so bad as the nerves are destroyed. But the lion fish had me in tears, rolling around in the bottom of the speed boat back to shore. My hand swollen to immobility. It took about four hours for the pain to stop, and it was indescribable, worse then the burns. The swelling went down in three days. Scorpion was not bad, somebody disturbed one and it swam into my leg and pricked me once...but I hear a good envenomation hurts more then the lion fish ( I find that hard to believe !!! )
The spikes on a crown of thorns are sharper then a razor, I was cleaning them off the reef one day, had a few on the bar, and one fell off. A spine was through my finger before I even felt it, and the tip of my right middle finger has been numb for four years....Trust me, do not touch anything unless you KNOW what it is. I was stupid enough once to put my finger in a hole behind a mantis shrimp to get it to come out to show my customers.....then the warning bells went off, those things CAN break your finger....what the heck are you doing ? Okay owning up to some stupidity here in the hope I can save others from the AGONY !

[DevonDiver]

Ditto that with the Crown of Thorns. Those thorns don't look sharp, but they are truly needle edged. I had one go straight through the finger of a nylon reinforced 3mm neoprene glove...and stuck deep into my finger.

My hand went a little numb...and I sat out the rest of the day's diving as a precaution.... but luckily I did not have a severe reaction to the wound. Some people react very badly I am told.

[Pacifica Dive]

There is a specific book out:
MEDICAL GUIDE TO HAZARDOUS MARINE LIFE

We have stock in our Cebu shop.

[CODMAN]

I knew they were venemous, but never heard they were potentially lethal... Then again, black widow spiders are lethal... to babies if they get bitten 10 times... Everything needs to be taken in context and I wonder really how lethal it is...:crafty: It's sometimes hard to get objective info on these details.

I mean, things like sea snakes are clearly deadly... You have good chances of dying within minutes from a good bite... But fore the catfish I wonder...

If you have any more detailed info on this I'd love to read through it... :coffee: I guess you could say it spiked my curiosity! :rofl3:


Oh yes! It surprised me too!!! I see these little guys regularly here in the Philippines...and never gave them a second thought. I did some research to name them for my blog, and only then discovered that they were highly venomous...

Plotosus lineatus (Striped Cat-Fish Eel) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotosus)

All species have been confirmed to be venomous (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom) except for P. fisadoha. The anterior spines of the dorsal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin) and pectoral fins (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_fin) can inflict painful wounds. In P. lineatus, the highly venomous serrate spine of the first dorsal and each of the pectoral fins may even be fatal. The spines of the serrated dorsal fin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin), which can lock into an erect position, are covered in toxic mucus that can poison humans

"The oriental catfish (Plotosus lineatus) possesses one of the most potent known marine toxins, and it is potentially lethal." Pusan National University


http://62.0.5.134/thumb15.shutterstock.com.edgesuite.net/display_pic_with_logo/500593/500593,1257338370,21/stock-photo-this-shoal-of-juvenile-striped-catfish-plotosus-lineatus-were-feeding-off-the-sandy-bottom-in-40283362.jpg

Articles:

Oriental Catfish (Plotosus lineatus) Spine Envenomation: A case report (http://www.koreamed.org/SearchBasic.php?RID=0082JKSEM/2002.13.3.359&DT=1). (http://www.koreamed.org/SearchBasic.php?RID=0082JKSEM/2002.13.3.359&DT=1) Jeong JW, Yeom SR, Cho SJ, Kim EK. Department of Emergency Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan, Korea. advanced@lifesupport.pe.kr

Indian catfish (Plotosus canius, Hamilton) venom. Occurrence of lethal protein toxin (toxin-PC). (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8726060) Auddy B (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Auddy%20B%22%5BAuthor%5D), Gomes A (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Gomes%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D) Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, Calcutta, India PMID: 8726060 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]A lethal protein toxin (toxin-PC) from the Indian catfish (Plotosus canius, Hamilton) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8581321)venom. Auddy B (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Auddy%20B%22%5BAuthor%5D), Muhuri DC (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Muhuri%20DC%22%5BAuthor%5D), Alam MI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Alam%20MI%22%5BAuthor%5D), Gomes A (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Gomes%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D).Departmen t of Physiology, University of Calcutta, India.