Materials - Poly Who?

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Blair Mott

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Materials- Poly Who?
We all know Force Fins look different. What most people don’t know is that they are made completely different and the material used to make the fins is very different from that used to make other fins.
In 1971 Bob Evans designed his first fin out of chicken wire and a Santa Barbara News Press. His good friend and mentor, Dick Anderson

said, “Hey Evans, you should try making your fins out of polyurethane.”
This expensive and amazing material when poured into a cast mold and baked at the right temperature (240 degrees Fahrenheit) for the right amount of time (8 hours), then cooled properly, chemically bonds and cross links to the shape it is molded right down to its molecules. Other fin materials are compressed or injected out of cheap materials that lie together like a bunch of spaghetti noodles.
Bob knew he was using the finest materials to make the finest fin possible. As he worked in this rarely used medium he found its amazing characteristics to be the best for making fins. Its durability was just part of the formula. What really excited Bob was the memory set that allowed him to make fins in hydro- and ergo-dynamic shapes that were never possible before. That is why the Force Fin is part of the permanent collections of the New York Museum of Modern Art. The way in which Bob shaped his fins from polyurethane “changed the way in which we perceive moving through water.” MoMA.org | Exhibitions | 1995 | Mutant Materials | Plastics
What also excited him was the almost super ball rebound of polyurethane, and we all know it’s the SNAP of the Force Fin blade that creates a power and recovery to allow a diver to kick most efficiently, and moves water faster than any kick can propel.
Bob’s discovery of polyurethane was a great moment in Force Fin history, but it also came with a price.
The material and the process he chose is much more expensive than that used in making other fins. That meant that the profit margin, or amount a dive store could make from buying and selling fins was less than they might if a fin was made with a material and process that cost about the same as a McDonald’s® value pack meal. And that is the reason you see Force Fins only in very special dive stores that put the value of the product above the profits made.
He kept to his idea on making the most efficient and durable fin on the market and to this day uses the finest USA made polyurethane to make his fins. In the words of the Fin Doctor himself, Bob Evans, “There are no bad fins on the market. All fins work. My fins are simply the best. Diving with Force Fins is kind of like driving a car that is made to get 200 miles to the gallon vs. 20.”YouTube - The History of Force Fin
 
A testament to the materials used by ForceFin can be seen in a recent fin study conducted at the University of Buffalo(in which ForceFin was not tested) cited that 2 major flaws with the current knowledge of fin design and materials, (1) all of the fins test failed to provide adequate thrust during the recovery phase and infact produced more drag, (2) all fins produced essentially no thrust in the transition phase.
Then stating that it would be "advantagous to have higher thrust in the power phase but relieve the force required for recovery. This is due to the flow of water over the upside of the fin and lower muscular force of the hamstring muscles [as compared to quadriceps]" and "the anatomical joints and muscular power a human diver uses during fin swimming and body attitude in the water does not allow a symmetrical range of motion when flexing and extending. This fact leaves fin improvement to increasing thrust in the power phase and minimizing drag in the recovery"

The advanced polyurethanes and complex 3 dimensional shapes that ForceFin uses solves these issues by
(1) the upturned shape allows the fin to flex to maximum surface area on the power phase while flexing to minimize surface area in the recovery phase, thereby increasing the relative thrust on the power phase and minimizing the drag produced during the recovery phase and reducing the muscle fatigue by utilizing larger quadriceps and relieving force on the hamstrings, enhancing air consumption and overall enjoyment
(2) the polyurethane has so much snap and rebound to the fin that it is able to produce thrust in the transition phase, which is essentially free thrust as the divers leg has stopped pushing.
An additional important point is the study proved was that fins that flex to a steep angle (approaching 90degrees) during the power stroke are the most efficient at producing thrust. All those familiar with the ForceFin line know that this flex has been the trademark of the design from the inception.
 
https://www.shearwater.com/products/perdix-ai/

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