For the most part, the Guadalupe River is really shallow, and filled with tubers and kayakers this time of the year. While there may be some who have dived the Guadalupe, I have never heard anyone talking about it, and considering the depth on all parts of the Guadalupe I have floated (kayaks and tubes), I can't imagine where you could dive.
The Comal River at Hinman Island Park in New Braunfels is a better option: 8-15 feet deep, spring fed, very clear water unless it has rained recently, temps usually around 71F (Hinman Park is close to the spring origin), and it has a bathroom/changing room. There are concrete stairs leading into the water, but they can be really slippery with algae, so be careful. You can start the dive at Hinman Park, swim up river and then drift back to the start point as many times as your air will allow, or you can start at an RV park farther up the river and drift down to Hinman Park. The last option generally requires you to have two cars because the RV/tube park is on the other side of the river, and would be a pretty long walk. Just past Hinman Park, there are some tube chutes that some divers have gone through, but it is not my cup of tea. The only problem with the Comal River is that it is not very wide, and there are frequently a lot of tubers in the summer.
Canyon Lake is also fairly close to New Braunfels, warmer water, but not so great vis. There is a dive training area at North Park on the lake, but it is not restricted to divers, so boats can be an issue. Access to the water is pretty easy, and there are two dive platforms and some sunken stuff (boat, car, motorcycle, bike, etc.) all connected with a white rope on the bottom. The nearest dive op to the New Braunfels/Canyon Lake area that I would use is Duggan Diving in Universal City.