АлександрД
Contributor
This is translation (by goofle translator) of the article:
https://neptunworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/5_2013_300_metres.pdf
World record of Soviet divers From the history of deep-sea descents in the USSR
In 1956, on the Caspian Sea near the city of Baku, a naval expedition led by N.K. Krivosheenko, N.T. Koval, S.E. Bulenkov, experimental descents to 220, 240, 260, 280 and 300 m were performed from the Zangezur vessel. P.Ya. Porazhevsky, A.A. Kovalevsky, V.S. Shalaev, D.D. Limbens.
(GKS-3M)
The role and significance of EPRON's activities for the development of the physiology of diving and the rescue of submariners before the start of the Great Patriotic War can hardly be overestimated. Our country occupied a leading position in these areas of scientific thought.
The archival materials available in the 40th State Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (the originals of the correspondence of the Standing Committee on Emergency Rescue Activities (PC ASD) of Academician L.A. Orbeli 1941-1942) show the grandeur of the expedition planned for the summer of 1941 in the Baltic Sea with the aim of mastering depths up to 200 m, development of means and methods of independent rescue of submariners from a depth of 40 m.
To assess the scale of the planned 1941 expedition, it is necessary to characterize the state of research at that time on the physiology of diving descents and the rescue of submariners from an emergency submarine.
In 1931, EPRON's diver A.D. Razuvaev in three-bolt gear sank to a depth of 100 m.
In 1932-1935. divers of EPRON I.T. Chertan, N.A. Maksimets, V.G. Khmelik reached a depth of 113.5 m, and then 115 m.
In 1937 V.M. Medvedev, I. T. Chertan, P.K. When breathing compressed air, the spas sank to a depth of 137 m.
These were records that were determined by the individual special resistance of these divers to nitrogen narcotic effects. Diving descents using air were limited to a depth of 60 meters.
Beginning in 1936, in the USA and the USSR, studies began on the use of helium-oxygen mixtures (GCS) for breathing for deep-sea divers, excluding nitrogen anesthesia. In 1939, for the barological laboratory of the VMA them. CM. Kirov, a pressure chamber with a pre-chamber for a pressure of 20 atmospheres was manufactured at the Baltic plant for work using the GCS. In the same year, specialists of the Standing Committee on ASD conducted experimental descents to a depth of 157 m, using helium-oxygen mixtures and self-contained breathing apparatus of light diving equipment.
In the US Navy in 1940, divers, using the GKS, plunged to a depth of 120 m.
To carry out deep-sea descents into the sea, it was necessary to create a complex of technical means installed on a diving vessel. In 1940 EPRON developed a diving lifting chamber PR for transporting divers in the air (a prototype of a diving bell) and a semi-bell "Phaeton" - a diving arbor.
On the very first day of the war, started by Germany, by order of the NK of the USSR Navy and the NK of the USSR Ministry of Finance of June 22, 1941, No. 0525/22 EPRON with all control bodies and means was included in the Navy.
In July 1941, part of the property of the military laboratory of the VMA and PK ASD was evacuated from Leningrad to Kazan. The issues of organization of the ASD PK base in the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea and on Lake Baikal in Listvennichnaya Bay at the source of the Angara River are considered.
Work on the creation of helium-oxygen equipment in the ACC together with the PC ASD continued even during the war.
In January 1945, the ACC research institute (then the 40th State Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation) was formed, the military medical department of which was engaged in the creation of means and methodology for deep-water diving descents and rescue of submariners from a depth of more than 100 m.
Specialists of the Navy ASD PK continued to actively participate in the activities of the institute, work continued on the creation of helium-oxygen diving equipment and means of providing deep-water diving descents to a depth of 200-300 m.
In 1945-1946. at the Black Sea Fleet, the floating base "Altai" is being re-equipped into a rescue vessel to ensure the operation of the ASD PC, tests of the complex for ensuring deep-sea descents.
The vessel is equipped with: a flow-decompression chamber, a semi-closed bell "Phaeton", a closed-type bell with an on-board SPU, air compressors, a gas supply system, helium cylinders, means of communication with divers, etc.
In the period 1946-1948, for the first time, the ASD PK expeditions were carried out in the Sukhumi region to work out diving descents to depths of up to 200 m in the GKS-3 equipment under the leadership of E.M. Kreps, L.A. Orbeli, M.P. Brestkin with the participation of the staff of the Research Institute of ACC Navy N.G. Koval, N.K. Krivosheenko, S.E. Bulenkova, I.I. Vyskrebentseva, B.A. Ivanova.
In 1949, the GKS-3 equipment was accepted for supply to the Navy. A number of auxiliary vessels and minesweepers are being converted into rescue vessels with diving complexes for descents to a depth of 200 m. The task has been set to master regular diving descents to a depth of 200 m for divers of the Black Sea, Northern Fleets and the Caspian Flotilla.
In 1951, for the creation of the GKS-3M equipment and the development of the method of deep-sea descents, a group of specialists from the Research Institute of ACS and the fleet became laureates of the State Prize (A.F. Maurer, S.E.Bulenkov, N.T. Koval, I.I. Vyskrebentsev, B. A. Ivanov and others).
In 1956, in the Caspian Sea near the city of Baku, an expedition of the Navy and PK ASD carried out training descents of a group of divers to depths of 60, 100, 140, 160, 180, 200 m.
A group of testers was selected, which carried out experimental launches from the Zangezur vessel of project 254 at 220, 240, 260, 280 and 300 meters.
Divers P.Ya. Porazhevsky, A.A. Kovalevsky, V.S. Shalaev and D.D. Limbens.
https://neptunworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/5_2013_300_metres.pdf
World record of Soviet divers From the history of deep-sea descents in the USSR
In 1956, on the Caspian Sea near the city of Baku, a naval expedition led by N.K. Krivosheenko, N.T. Koval, S.E. Bulenkov, experimental descents to 220, 240, 260, 280 and 300 m were performed from the Zangezur vessel. P.Ya. Porazhevsky, A.A. Kovalevsky, V.S. Shalaev, D.D. Limbens.
(GKS-3M)
The role and significance of EPRON's activities for the development of the physiology of diving and the rescue of submariners before the start of the Great Patriotic War can hardly be overestimated. Our country occupied a leading position in these areas of scientific thought.
The archival materials available in the 40th State Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (the originals of the correspondence of the Standing Committee on Emergency Rescue Activities (PC ASD) of Academician L.A. Orbeli 1941-1942) show the grandeur of the expedition planned for the summer of 1941 in the Baltic Sea with the aim of mastering depths up to 200 m, development of means and methods of independent rescue of submariners from a depth of 40 m.
To assess the scale of the planned 1941 expedition, it is necessary to characterize the state of research at that time on the physiology of diving descents and the rescue of submariners from an emergency submarine.
In 1931, EPRON's diver A.D. Razuvaev in three-bolt gear sank to a depth of 100 m.
In 1932-1935. divers of EPRON I.T. Chertan, N.A. Maksimets, V.G. Khmelik reached a depth of 113.5 m, and then 115 m.
In 1937 V.M. Medvedev, I. T. Chertan, P.K. When breathing compressed air, the spas sank to a depth of 137 m.
These were records that were determined by the individual special resistance of these divers to nitrogen narcotic effects. Diving descents using air were limited to a depth of 60 meters.
Beginning in 1936, in the USA and the USSR, studies began on the use of helium-oxygen mixtures (GCS) for breathing for deep-sea divers, excluding nitrogen anesthesia. In 1939, for the barological laboratory of the VMA them. CM. Kirov, a pressure chamber with a pre-chamber for a pressure of 20 atmospheres was manufactured at the Baltic plant for work using the GCS. In the same year, specialists of the Standing Committee on ASD conducted experimental descents to a depth of 157 m, using helium-oxygen mixtures and self-contained breathing apparatus of light diving equipment.
In the US Navy in 1940, divers, using the GKS, plunged to a depth of 120 m.
To carry out deep-sea descents into the sea, it was necessary to create a complex of technical means installed on a diving vessel. In 1940 EPRON developed a diving lifting chamber PR for transporting divers in the air (a prototype of a diving bell) and a semi-bell "Phaeton" - a diving arbor.
On the very first day of the war, started by Germany, by order of the NK of the USSR Navy and the NK of the USSR Ministry of Finance of June 22, 1941, No. 0525/22 EPRON with all control bodies and means was included in the Navy.
In July 1941, part of the property of the military laboratory of the VMA and PK ASD was evacuated from Leningrad to Kazan. The issues of organization of the ASD PK base in the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea and on Lake Baikal in Listvennichnaya Bay at the source of the Angara River are considered.
Work on the creation of helium-oxygen equipment in the ACC together with the PC ASD continued even during the war.
In January 1945, the ACC research institute (then the 40th State Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation) was formed, the military medical department of which was engaged in the creation of means and methodology for deep-water diving descents and rescue of submariners from a depth of more than 100 m.
Specialists of the Navy ASD PK continued to actively participate in the activities of the institute, work continued on the creation of helium-oxygen diving equipment and means of providing deep-water diving descents to a depth of 200-300 m.
In 1945-1946. at the Black Sea Fleet, the floating base "Altai" is being re-equipped into a rescue vessel to ensure the operation of the ASD PC, tests of the complex for ensuring deep-sea descents.
The vessel is equipped with: a flow-decompression chamber, a semi-closed bell "Phaeton", a closed-type bell with an on-board SPU, air compressors, a gas supply system, helium cylinders, means of communication with divers, etc.
In the period 1946-1948, for the first time, the ASD PK expeditions were carried out in the Sukhumi region to work out diving descents to depths of up to 200 m in the GKS-3 equipment under the leadership of E.M. Kreps, L.A. Orbeli, M.P. Brestkin with the participation of the staff of the Research Institute of ACC Navy N.G. Koval, N.K. Krivosheenko, S.E. Bulenkova, I.I. Vyskrebentseva, B.A. Ivanova.
In 1949, the GKS-3 equipment was accepted for supply to the Navy. A number of auxiliary vessels and minesweepers are being converted into rescue vessels with diving complexes for descents to a depth of 200 m. The task has been set to master regular diving descents to a depth of 200 m for divers of the Black Sea, Northern Fleets and the Caspian Flotilla.
In 1951, for the creation of the GKS-3M equipment and the development of the method of deep-sea descents, a group of specialists from the Research Institute of ACS and the fleet became laureates of the State Prize (A.F. Maurer, S.E.Bulenkov, N.T. Koval, I.I. Vyskrebentsev, B. A. Ivanov and others).
In 1956, in the Caspian Sea near the city of Baku, an expedition of the Navy and PK ASD carried out training descents of a group of divers to depths of 60, 100, 140, 160, 180, 200 m.
A group of testers was selected, which carried out experimental launches from the Zangezur vessel of project 254 at 220, 240, 260, 280 and 300 meters.
Divers P.Ya. Porazhevsky, A.A. Kovalevsky, V.S. Shalaev and D.D. Limbens.