You have lots of wonderful suggestions. As a local in Cocoa, FL my brother and I usually look for day trips with 2-3 tank dives that we can return home from the same day. Jupiter and an hour further south to Pompano Beach fills the bill as just south of Jupiter starts nicer near shore reefs. Also, Jupiter is just south of the bend in Florida so the near shore waters are a bit sheltered from northerly winds.
As a new diver I can say I've enjoyed Pompano diving with Scubatyme and Jupiter with A Little Deeper. Probably my favorite so far has been Anglin Pier Reef out of Pompano. I've done Hillsburough Reef, Labonte' Reef, Julie's Reef, Ancient Mariner, and Capt Dan wrecks. All were nice.
Captain Sl8ter has a very nice operation in Jupiter form all reports I've heard. I haven't done his boat yet. My brother has been diving for over 30 years and he knows quite a few operators and Captain Sl8ter ranks high in his books.