Here's a question I have: in addition to the charts why not tell us what the recommended maximum residual nitrogen levels are, how quickly this nitrogen wears off, and a chart of how much residual nitrogen you take on at various depths (or there may even be a simple equation where you plug in the depth)?
Isn't that exactly what the tables do?
The NDL is exactly the maximum allowed nitrogen exposure for a given depth. The fact that it varies by depth indicates that various tissue types are limiting the dive time.
The SIT portion of the table shows how the nitrogen wears off in terms of pressure groups and the repetitive dive portion shows how much nitrogen you are taking when you plan a subsequent dive to a particular depth.
Everything you asked for, except the equation, is already included in the tables. It is my understanding that PADI created their version of the tables by studying bubble formation with doppler sound measurements.
Now, if you really want to study deco theory, buy the book! "Deco For Divers" by Mark Powell. It has all kinds of numbers and equations. It also cites other documents for further study. There are probably a lot of other books - I just don't have them.
Of course, there is the classic "The New Science Of Skin And Scuba Diving" ($2 at Alibris - try for a 1968 edition) and it has the Navy Air Decompression Tables. These are handy if you want to dive to 300 feet for 50 minutes (figure on 8 hours of deco stops). Interesting stuff! Actually, the book was a training manual for LA County, YMCA, Boy Scouts and NAUI (among a lot of others) in the early years of scuba. You would be amazed at the quality of the program and, perhaps, staggered at how little has changed.
Richard