[h=3]Toxic materials[/h] Many types of batteries employ toxic materials such as
lead,
mercury, and
cadmium as an electrode or electrolyte. When each battery reaches end of life it must be disposed of to prevent environmental damage.
[48] Battery are one form of
electronic waste (e-waste).
E-waste
recycling services recover toxic substances, which can then be used for new batteries.
[49]
Of the nearly three billion batteries purchased annually in the United States, about 179,000 tons end up in landfills across the country.
[50]
In the United States, the
Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act of 1996 banned the sale of mercury-containing batteries, enacted uniform labeling requirements for rechargeable batteries and required that rechargeable batteries be easily removable.
[51] California and New York City prohibit the disposal of rechargeable batteries in solid waste, and along with Maine require recycling of cell phones.
[52] The rechargeable battery industry operates nationwide recycling programs in the United States and Canada, with dropoff points at local retailers.
[52]
The
Battery Directive of the European Union has similar requirements, in addition to requiring increased recycling of batteries and promoting research on improved
battery recycling methods.
[53]
In accordance with this directive all batteries to be sold within the EU must be marked with the "collection symbol" (A crossed-out wheeled bin). This must cover at least 3% of the surface of prismatic batteries and 1.5% of the surface of cylindrical batteries. All packaging must be marked likewise.
[54]